"Idle No More started in November 2012, among Treaty People in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta protesting the Canadian government’s dismantling of environmental protection laws, endangering First Nations who live on the land. Born out of face-to-face organizing and popular education, but fluent in social media and new technologies, Idle No More has connected the most remote reserves to each other, to urbanized Indigenous people, and to the non-Indigenous population" (Idle No More).

Source: About the Movement (Idle No More)

The Oka Crisis, also known as the Kanesatake Resistance, was a 78-day standoff between Mohawk demonstrators, Quebec police, the RCMP, and the Canadian Army. It took place in Kanesatake close to the town of Oka between July 11 and September 1990. The crisis began due to the proposed townhouse development and expansion of a golf course on contested land in Kanesatake, which also contained a Mohawk burial ground. The death of Corporal Marcel Lemay during the standoff further raised increased tensions between demonstrators and law enforcement. The protest eventually came to an end after the army was brought in. The golf course expansion was eventually cancelled. The federal government bought the land although they didn't transform it into a reserve (Canadian Encyclopedia).

Source: Oka Crisis (Canadian Encyclopedia)

In 1995, the Ipperwash Crisis occured within Ipperwash Provincial Park on land claimed by the Kettle and Stoney Point First Nations. The root cause of the crisis was the Canadian goverment's creation of a military camp in Stoney Point Reserve in 1942. After many requests to have the land returned to them, members of the Stoney Point First Nation occupied the camp in 1993 and 1995. Protesters also occupied the nearby Ippewash National Park on September 4, 1995. Tensions between protesters and the Ontario Provincial Police escalated, leading to the lethal police shooting of protestor Anthony “Dudley” George on September 6, 1995 (Canadian Encyclopedia).

Source: Ipperwash Crisis (Canadian Encyclopedia)

Land Back is an Indigenous-led movement to regain stewardship over traditional lands. Since time immemorial, Indigenous Peoples have been taking care of lands and ecosystems for future generations. As a result of settler colonialism, Indigenous Peoples were removed from their lands. The Land Back movement aims to restore Indigenous Peoples' rights and responsibilities over their traditional lands (David Suzuki Foundation).

Source: What is Land Back? (David Suzuki Foundation)

The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples or UNDRIP is a comprehensive human rights instrument which addresses the rights of Indigenous peoples all over the world. It was adopted by the UN General Assembly on September 13, 2007. UNDRIP recognizes and lays out a variety of individual and group rights that serve as the minimum requirements for protecting Indigenous peoples' rights and to contribute to their survival, dignity, and well-being. It also states the importance of upholding Indigenous peoples' rights that have been laid out in treaties and other similar agreements (Government of Canada).

On June 16, 2021 – after decades of advocacy by First Nations  – the Parliament of Canada passed The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act (formerly Bill C-15). The Act received Royal Assent June 21, 2021 (Assembly of First Nations).

Source: The Declaration explained (Government of Canada)