Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if any. (Year of Publication). Title of book: Subtitle if any (edition if given and is not first edition). Publisher.

Examples:

One Author

Marotz, L. R. (2020). Health, safety, and nutrition for the young child (10th ed.). Cengage Learning.

Two Authors

Vincent, C., & Amalberti, R. (2016). Safer healthcare: Strategies for the real world. Springer Open. Penguin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25559-0

Three to Twenty Authors

Nelson, B., Phillips, A., & Steuart, C. (2019). Guide to computer forensics and investigations (6th ed.). Cengage Learning.

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication, p. page number) 
• Example: (Marotz, 2020, p. 284) 
• Example: (Vincent & Amalberti, 2016, p. 13) 
• Example: (Nelson et al., 2019, p. 532) 

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication) 
• Example: (Marotz, 2020) 
• Example: (Vincent & Amalberti, 2016) 
• Example: (Nelson et al., 2019) 

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if any. (Year of Publication). Title of book: Subtitle if any. (edition if given and is not first edition ed.). Publisher Name often shortened. Hyperlinked DOI if given

Example:

One Author

Schanbacher, W. D. (2019). Food as a human right: Combatting global hunger and forging a path to food sovereignty. Praeger.

Two Authors

Butts, J. B., & Rich, K. L. (2020). Nursing ethics: Across the curriculum and into practice (5th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.

Three to Twenty Authors

Guo, B., Liu, X., & Tan, X. (2017). Petroleum production engineering (2nd ed.). Gulf Professional Publishing.

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (First author’s last name & Second Author’s last name, date of publication, p. page number) 
• Example: (Schanbacher, 2019, p.55) 
• Example: (Butts & Rich, 2020, p.105) 
• Example: (Guo et al., 2017, p.47) 

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (First author’s last name & Second Author’s last name, date of publication) 
• Example: (Schanbacher, 2019) 
• Example: (Butts & Rich, 2020) 
• Example: (Guo et al., 2017) 

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if any. (Year of Publication). Title of eBook (edition if given and is not first edition). Name of Website/Publisher. Hyperlinked URL (Statement of original publication date if necessary)

Example:

House, F.N. (n.d.). The development of sociology. McGraw-Hill Book Company. https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.$b50999 (Original work published 1936)

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication, p. page number) 
• Example: (House, 1936/n.d., p. 50) 

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication) 
• Example: (House, 1936/n.d.) 

Format:

Editor's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if any. (Ed.). (Year of Publication). Title of book. Publisher.

Example:

Fetherling, G. (Ed.). (2001). The vintage book of Canadian memoirs. Vintage Canada.

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Editor's Last Name (Ed.), date of publication, p. page number) 
• Example: (Fetherling (Ed.), 2001, p. 150) 

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (Editor's Last Name (Ed.), date of publication) 
• Example: (Fetherling (Ed.), 2001) 

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if any., & any additional authors. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page numbers. Hyperlinked DOI

Example:

Harwood, N., & Petric, B. (2011). Performance in the citing behavior of two student writers. Written Communication, 29(1), 55-103. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088311424133

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (First author’s last name & Second Author’s last name, date of publication, p. page number) 

• Example: (Harwood & Petric, 2011, p. 57) 

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (First author’s last name & Second Author’s last name, date of publication) 

• Example: (Harwood & Petric, 2011) 

Format:

From Library Database or Print Version

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if any., and any additional authors. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page numbers.

From The Web

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if any., and any additional authors. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page numbers. Hyperlinked URL

Example:

From Library Database or Print Version

Cox, E. O., Green, K. E., Hobart, K., Jang, L. J., & Seo, H. (2007). Strengthening the late-life care process: Effects of two forms of a care-receiver efficacy intervention. The Gerontologist, 47(3), 388-397.

From The Web

Blattberg, C. (2008). The scales of injustice. The Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice, 26(1). https://wyaj.uwindsor.ca/index.php/wyaj/article/view/4536

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication, p. page number)

• Example: (Cox et al., 2007, p. 20)

  Example: (Blattberg, 2008, p. 20)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication)

• Example: (Cox et al., 2007)

  Example: (Blattberg, 2008)

Format:

First Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given, Second Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Third Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., etc. & Last Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial.  (Year). Title of article: Subtitle if given. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page numbers. Hyperlinked DOI or URL (if applicable).

Example:

Rabelo‐Silva, E. R., Dantas Cavalcanti, A. C., Ramos Goulart Caldas, M. C., Lucena, A. D. F., Almeida, M. D. A., Linch, G. F. D. C., Barragan da Silva, M. & Müller‐Staub, M. (2017). Advanced nursing process quality: Comparing the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) with the NANDA‐International (NANDA‐I) and Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC). Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(3-4), 379-387. https://doi-org./10.1111/jocn.13387

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (First author’s last name et al., date of publication, p. page number) 

• Example: (Rabelo-Silva et al., 2017, p. 382)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (First author’s last name et al., date of publication)

• Example: (Rabelo-Silva et al., 2017)

Format:

First Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given, Second Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Third Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Fourth Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Fifth Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Sixth Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Seventh Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Eighth Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Ninth Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Tenth Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Eleventh Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Twelfth Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Thirteenth Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Fourteenth Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Fifteenth Author’s Last Name, First Initial., Second Initial. Sixteenth Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Seventeenth Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Eighteenth Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Nineteenth Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., . . . Last Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle if given. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page numbers. Hyperlinked DOI or URL (if applicable)

Example:

Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., Bell, R., DelSole, R., Min, D., Zhu, Y., Li, W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H., Gottschalck, J., Metzger, E. J., Barton, N. P., Achuthavarier, D., Marshak, J., Koster, R., . . . Kim, H. (2019). The subseasonal experiment (SubX): A multimodel subseasonal prediction experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100(10), 2043-2061.

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (First author’s last name et al., date of publication, p. page number)

• Example: (Pegion et al., 2019, p. 2047)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (First author’s last name et al., date of publication)

• Example: (Pegion et al., 2019)

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given., and any additional authors. (Year website was published or updated, Month Day). Title of article/ webpage. Website Name. Hyperlinked URL

Example:

Geist, M. (2019, May 22). The foundation of Canada’s digital charter: Privacy law reform focused on a data-driven economy. Michael Geist. http://www.michaelgeist.ca/2019/05/the-foundation-of-canadas-digital-charter-privacy-law-reform-focused-on-a-data-driven-economy/

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication, para. paragraph number)
• Example: (Geist, 2019, para. 3)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication)
• Example: (Geist, 2019)

Format:

Group or Corporate Name. (Year webpage was published or last updated, Month Day). Title of webpage/ article. Website name (include if different from author). Hyperlinked URL

Example:

Automotive Industries Association of Canada. (n.d.). Be car care aware. https://www.aiacanada.com/what-we-do/our-programs/bcca.html

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Author, date of publication, para. paragraph number)
• Example: (Automotive Industries Association of Canada, n.d., para. 4)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (Author, date of publication)
• Example: (Automotive Industries Association of Canada, n.d.)

Format:

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given., and any additional authors. (n.d.). Title of entry. In Name of encyclopedia. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Hyperlinked URL

Example:

Koch, E. (n.d.). Adrienne Clarkson. In The Canadian encyclopedia. Retrieved August 10, 2020, from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/adrienne-louise-clarkson

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication, para. paragraph number)
• Example: (Koch, n.d., para. 5)

For a paraphrase:

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication) 
• Example: (Koch, n.d.)

Format:

Title of entry. (Date of access). In Wikipedia. Hyperlinked URL

Example:

Gestalt psychology. (2020, August 8). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gestalt_psychology&oldid=971777041

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (“Title of entry,” date of publication, para. paragraph number)
• Example: (“Gestalt psychology,” 2020, para. 4)

For a paraphrase:

• Format: (“Title of entry,” date of publication)
• Example: (“Gestalt psychology,” 2020)

Format:

Title of document. (n.d.). Website Name. Hyperlinked URL

Example:

The basics of physics. (n.d.). Lumen Learning. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-physics/chapter/the-basics-of-physics/

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format:  (“Title of document,” n.d., para. paragraph number)
• Example: (“What is physics?,” n.d., para. 4)

For a paraphrase:

• Format: (“Title of document,” n.d.)
• Example:  (“What is physics?,” n.d.)

Format:

Instructor's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year, Month Day). Title of presentation [PowerPoint slides]. Publisher. Login page for publisher.

Example:

Smith, J. (2017, Month Day). Cite your sources using APA style [PowerPoint slides]. eCentennial. https://e.centennialcollege.ca/

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Instructor’s last name, date, slide number)
• Example: (Smith, 2017, slide 12)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (Instructor’s last name, date)
• Example: (Smith, 2017)

Format:

Author of Article/Chapter's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year of course pack's publication). Title of chapter or article in course pack. In First Initial. Last Name of Course Instructor who created course pack if given (Ed.), Title of course pack (page numbers). Name of College. (Original work published date)

Example:

Bigelow, B., & Peterson, B. (2016). Rethinking globalization: Teaching for justice in an unjust world. In J. Fraser (Ed.), Exploring our global village: Readings CULT 14857G (pp. 33-37). Sheridan College. (Original work published 2002)

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (First author’s last name & Second Author’s last name, date of publication, p. page number)
• Example: (Bigelow, & Peterson, 2016, p. 35)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (First author’s last name & Second Author’s last name, date of publication) 
• Example: (Bigelow, & Peterson, 2016) 

Format:

Instructor's Last Name, First Initial. (Year handout was created if given or n.d.). Title of handout [Class handout]. School, Faculty or Department Name, College Name.

Example:

Marlow, F. (2017). Effective Google searching [Class handout]. Faculty of Business, Humber College.

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format:  (Instructor’s last name, date of publication, p. page number)
• Example: (Marlow, 2017, p. 3)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (Instructor’s last name, date of publication)
• Example: (Marlow, 2017)

Format:

(Instructor initials, Instructor lastname, personal communication, Month Day, Year).

Example:

(B. Bassidj, personal communication, September 22, 2016).

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. [Username]. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video]. Name of streaming site. Hyperlinked URL

Example:

The Learning Portal/Le Portail d’Apprentissage. (2017, January 24). Types of paragraphs in an academic essay [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/TforwSE7ow0

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Last Name or User Name of person or group who uploaded the video, Year, Timestamp for beginning of quote)
• Example: (The Learning Portal/Le Portail d’Apprentissage, 2017, 0:29)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (Last Name or User Name of person or group who uploaded the video, Year)
• Example: (The Learning Portal/Le Portail d’Apprentissage, 2017)

Format:

Director's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Director). (Year). Title of film [Film]. Production Company.

Example:

Huston, J. (Director). (1941). The Maltese falcon [Film]. Warner Home Video.

Slade, D. (Director). (2010). The twilight saga: Eclipse [Film]. Summit Entertainment. Netflix. https://www.netflix.com/ca/

In-Text Citation

For a quotation:

• Format: (Director's Last Name, Year, Timestamp for beginning of quote)
• Example: (Slade, 2010, 45:29)

For a paraphrase:

• Format: (Director's Last Name, Year, Timestamp for beginning of quote)
• Example: (Slade, 2010)

Follow this example if your article is from a news site with an associated newspaper.

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Hyperlinked URL

Example:

Guy, M. (2021, November 3). Snow problem: The best winter tire choices for 2021.The Toronto Star. https://www.thestar.com/autos/advice/2021/11/02/snow-problem-the-best-winter-tire-choices-for-2021.html

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication, p. page number or para. paragraph number)
• Example: (Van Bastelaer, 2017, para. 10)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication) 
• Example: (Van Bastelaer, 2017)

Follow this example if your article is from an online news source with no associated newspaper.

Format:

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year, Month Day). Title of news article. Title of Site. Hyperlinked URL

Example:

Mark, C. (2020, April 2). Tips on avoiding back pain and injury while working from home. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/life/wellness/tips-for-avoiding-back-pain-and-injury-while-working-from-home-1.5519774

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication, para. paragraph number)
• Example: (Mark, 2020, para. 10)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication)
• Example: (Mark, 2020)

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Magazine. Hyperlinked URL

Example:

Nguyen, M. (2020, July 27). Smart financial decisions small business owners should make now. Canadian Business. https://www.canadianbusiness.com/small-business/small-business-financial-decisions-to-make-now/

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication, para. paragraph number)
• Example: (Nguyen, 2020, para. 5)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication)
• Example: (Nguyen, 2020) 

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper or Magazine, page number.

Example:

Ahsan, S. (2016, June 22). All access: Toronto's tangled art gallery is bringing so-called outsiders in. The National Post, B8.

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication, p. page number)
• Example: (Ahsan, 2016, p. B8)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication) 
• Example: (Ahsan, 2016)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper or Magazine.

Example:

VanRaes, S. (2020, August 12). Winnipeg is Canada’s “kindness rock” capital. Macleans.

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: Author’s last name, date of publication, p. page number)
• Example: (VanRaes, 2020, p. 12)

For a paraphrase:

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication)
• Example: (VanRaes, 2020)

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year, Month Day). Title of blog post. Name of Blog. Hyperlinked URL

Example:

McAdoo, T. (2015, April 15). Re: Using italics for technical (or key) terms. APA Style Blog. http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2015/04/using-italics-for-technical-or-key-terms.html

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication, para. paragraph number)
• Example: (McAdoo, 2015, para. 5)

For a paraphrase:

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication)
• Example: (McAdoo, 2015)

Format:

Post:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. [@username]. (Year, Month Day). Text of the post up to first 20 words [Audiovisual description – if applicable] [Post Type]. Website/App Name. Hyperlinked URL

Profile:

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. [@username]. (n.d.). Post Types [Name of Social Media + profile]. Website/App Name. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Hyperlinked URL

Example:

Post:

NASA [@NASA]. (2020, July 21). Have you ever seen something so beautiful? [globe of Americas] [pleading face] Live views from earth from space during today’s spacewalk [Video attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/NASA/status/1285573798301962241

Profile:

National Geographic [@NatGeo]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved August 5, 2020 from https://twitter.com/NatGeo

In-Text Citation

For a quotation or paraphrase:

• Format: (Author’s last name or group name, date of publication)
• Example: (NASA, 2020)
• Example: (National Geographic, n.d.)

Format:

Facebook Post:

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given or Name of Group. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Type of post]. Facebook. Hyperlinked URL

Facebook Page:

Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Hyperlinked URL

Example:

Facebook Profile:

Outside Magazine. (2020, August 13). In a normal summer, thousands of AT thru-hikers need to eat over 4,000 calories a day to offset their trail [Article attached]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/outsidemagazine/posts/10158538463710429

Facebook Page:

Confederation College. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved May 5, 2020 from https://www.facebook.com/confederation

In-Text Citation

For a quotation or paraphrase:

• Format: (Author’s last name or group name, date of publication)
• Example: (Outside Magazine, 2020)
• Example: (Confederation College, n.d.)

Format:

TikTok Video:

Author's Last Name, First Initial or group name. [@handle]. (Year, Month Day). First 20 words of the caption text including hashtags. [Video]. TikTok. Hyperlinked URL

TikTok Profile:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. [@handle]. (Year, Month Day). First 20 words of the profile bio including hashtags. [TikTok Profile]. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Hyperlinked URL

Example:

TikTok Video:

National Geographic. [@natgeo]. (2023, Oct 5). Nat Geo photographer @Babak Tafreshi accidentally captured a fireball meteor that painted the sky with a spectacular display [comet emoji] #SpaceTok #SpaceWeek #Disney100 [Video]. TikTok. https://www.tiktok.com/@natgeo/video/7286592336002403626?lang=en

TikTok Profile:

National Geographic. [@natgeo]. Inspiring the explorer in everyone [earth emoji] [TikTok Profile]. Retrieved October 10, 2023, from https://www.tiktok.com/@natgeo?lang=en

In-Text Citation

For a quotation or paraphrase:

• Format: (Author’s last name or group name, date of publication—if available)
• Example: (National Geographic, 2023)
• Example: (National Geographic, n.d.)

Format:

Photo or Video:

Last Name, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Type of post]. Instagram. Hyperlinked URL

Profile:

Last Name, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (n.d.). name of the profile page you want to cite [Instagram Profile]. Instagram. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Hyperlinked URL

Example:

Photo or Video:

Julie Payette [@ggjuliepayette]. (2020, August 12). Culture, history, breathtaking beauty. Today we celebrate the day that #Nunavut officially became a recognized territory within Canada. Happy #NunavutDay! [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CCbIbqYAE2s

Profile:

Swift, T. [@taylorswift]. (n.d.). Posts [Instagram profile]. Instagram. Retrieved January 9, 2020, from https://www.instagram.com/taylorswift

In-Text Citation

For a quotation or paraphrase:

• Format: (Author’s last name or group name, date of publication)
• Example: (Payette, 2020)
• Example: (Swift, n.d.)

Format:

Podcast Host Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if available. (Host). (Year, Month Day). Title of episode: Subtitle (No. If provided) [Audio podcast episode]. In Name of podcast. Publisher. Hyperlinked URL

Example:

Gilbert, E. (Host). (2015, July 13). Do what ignites your soul [Audio podcast episode]. In Magic lessons. Riverhead Books. https://www.stitcher.com/show/riverhead-books-podcast/episode/magic-lessons-ep-1-do-what-ignites-your-soul-43306670

In-Text Citation

For a quotation or paraphrase:

• Format: (Host’s last name, date of publication)
• Example: (Gilbert, 2015)

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. [username]. (Year, Month Day). Up to the first 20 words of the comment. [Comment on the online forum post Title of original post, video, or other item.]. Platform, App, or Publisher. Hyperlinked URL

Example:

Gates, B. [thisisbillgates]. (2017, February 27). Philanthropy is small as a part of the overall economy so it can’t do things like fund health care or [Comment on the online forum post I’m Bill Gates, co-chair of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Ask me anything.]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/5whpqs/im_bill_gates_cochair_of_the_bill_melinda_gates/dea82mk/

In-Text Citation

For a quotation or paraphrase:

• Format: (Author’s last name or group name, date of publication)
• Example: (Gates, 2017)

Format:

Photographer’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year). Title of photograph[Photograph]. Publisher. Hyperlinked URL

Example:

Herber, S. (2013). Ice fishing hut 23 [Photograph]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/sandraherber/49922430776/

In-Text Citation

For a quotation or paraphrase:

• Format: (Photographer’s last name, date of publication)
• Example: (Herber, 2013)

Format:

[Description of photograph] [Photograph]. (Year). Publisher. Hyperlinked URL

Example:

[Children running down a path] [Photograph]. (n.d.). Pikist. https://www.pikist.com/free-photo-vtffe

In-Text Citation

For a quotation or paraphrase:

• Format: ([Description of photograph], n.d.)
• Example: ([Children running down a path], n.d.)

Format:

Artist’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year). Title of work [Format of work]. Museum Name, Museum Location. Hyperlinked URL if available

Example:

Johnson, S.A. (2003). Nadine [Photograph]. National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artwork/nadine

In-Text Citation

For a quotation or paraphrase:

• Format: (Artist’s last name, date)
• Example: (Johnson, 2003)

Format:

Artist’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given or username. (Year). Title of work [Clip art/Stock image]. Publisher. Hyperlinked URL

Example:

GDJ. (2018). Concept plane silhouette [Clip art]. Openclipart. https://openclipart.org/detail/312645/concept-plane-silhouette

In-Text Citation

For a quotation or paraphrase:

• Format: (Artist’s last name, date of publication)
• Example: (GDJ, 2018)

Format:

Developer. (Version Year). Name of generative AI tool (Version number) [Type of AI Model]. Hyperlinked URL of tool

Example:

OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 23 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com

In-Text Citation

Remember to include the prompt you used whenever you quote or paraphrase text generated by an AI tool. Since your reader can't access the exact AI-generated text, you may also consider including a copy of the text as an appendix or as part of supplemental materials. If you are including a copy of the generated text, you may refer to it in the body of your text, or as part of the in-text citation such as in the example below.

For a quotation or paraphrase:

• Format: (Developer, Version Year)
• Example: (OpenAI, 2023)
• Example: (OpenAI, 2023; see Appendix A for the full transcript)

Format:

Developer's Name. (Version Year). Name if AI tool (Version number [Type of AI model]. Hyperlinked URL of tool

Example:

OpenAI. (2023). DALL-E (Version 2) [Large language model]. https://labs.openai.com/

Reproducing the image in your work

If you are inserting the AI-generated image in your coursework, start with a figure number followed by an image title. Beneath the image, include a note with details about the prompt and the source (see example below). Remember to include the full citation in your References List.

Example: citing AI-generated images as a figures

Figure 3

Example of an AI-generated image

Note: Image generated using the prompt "Two puppies playing by the sea in the style of Renoir," by OpenAI, DALL-E, 2023 (https://labs.openai.com- opens in a new window).

Format:

Last name, First initial., Nation/Community. Treaty Territory if applicable. Where they live if applicable. Topic/subject of communication if applicable. Personal communication. Month Date, Year.

Example:

Cardinal, D., Goodfish Lake Cree Nation. Treaty 6. Lives in Edmonton. Oral teaching. Personal communication. April 4, 2004.

In-Text Citation

For a quotation or paraphrase:

• Format: (Last Name of Elder/Knowledge Keeper, Year of communication)
• Example: (Cardinal, 2004)

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of Book: Subtitle if Any. Edition if given and is not first edition, Publisher Name often shortened, Year of Publication.

Example:

One Author

Sun, Jonny. Goodbye, Again: Essays, Reflections, and Illustrations. Harper Perennial, 2021.

Three or more authors

Pomeroy, Sarah B. et al. A Brief History of Ancient Greece: Politics, Society, and Culture. 4th ed., Oxford UP, 2019.

With editor(s) only

Glazebrook, Allison, and Christina Vester, editors. Themes in Greek Society and Culture: An Introduction to Ancient Greece. Oxford UP, 2017.

In-Text Citation

Format: 

(Author’s Last Name Page Number) 

Examples: 

• (Sun 27) 

• (Burke and Brown 39) 

• (Pomeroy et al. 42) 

• (Glazebrook 56) 

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of eBook: Subtitle if Any. Website, Sponsoring Organization if given, Year of Publication, URL.

Example:

Anderson, Catherine. Essentials of Linguistics. Open Library, eCampus Ontario, 2018, openlibrary.ecampusontario.ca/catalogue/item/?id=890fb2bb-f721-422e-88a8-121e045a19c3. 

In-Text Citation

Format: 

(Author’s Last Name Page Number) 

Examples: 

• (Anderson ch. 2)

• (Miller and Greenhoe 76)

• (Illowsky et al. ch. 5)

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if any., and any additional authors. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page numbers. Database Name if any, Hyperlinked DOI

Example:

Hauck, Pia, and Heiko Hecht. “Having a Drink with Tchaikovsky: The Crossmodal Influence of Background Music on the Taste of Beverages.” Multisensory Research, vol. 32, no. 1, Jan. 2019, pp. 1–24. Academic Search Premier, https://doi.org/10.1163/22134808-20181321.

In-Text Citation

Format: 

• (Last Name Page Number if given) 

Examples: 

• (Hauck and Hecht 21) 
• (Narayanan and Sturtz) 

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal, vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Publication Date, pp. Page Numbers if given. Database Name if any, Hyperlinked URL.

Example:

Narayanan, Nirupama, and Robin Sturtz. "Success in the STEM Curricula." College Quarterly, vol. 21, no. 2, 2018. collegequarterly.ca/2018-vol21-num02-spring/index.html.

In-Text Citation

Format: 

(Last Name Page Number)

Examples: 

• (Narayanan and Sturtz 12)

• (Richter and Ryan)

Format:

First Author's Last Name, First Name, et al. "Title of Article." Title of Journal, vol. Volume Number, no. Issue Number, Publication Date, pp. Page Numbers. Database Name if any, DOI link if given.

Example:

Meacham, Shuaib James, et al. “Hip-Hop Early Literacy in K–1 Classrooms.” The Reading Teacher, vol. 73, no. 1, July/August 2019, pp. 29–37. Wiley Online Library Journals, https://doi.org/10.1002/trtr.1809. PDF download.

In-Text Citation

Format: 

(First author’s Last Name et al. Page Mumber)

Examples: 

• (Meacham et al. 2047)

• (Smith et al. 37)

Format:

Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article or Page." Website Name, Sponsoring Organization if different from website name, Date of publication or last modified date, Hyperlinked URL. Accessed Day Month Year viewed (optional, add if there is no upload/publication date).

Example:

Rich, Sarah. "Inside the Design Process to Protect People’s Health on Public Transit." IDEO, 11 Feb. 2021, www.ideo.com/journal/inside-the-design-process-to-protect-peoples-health-on-public-transit.

In-Text Citation

Format: 

(Author’s Last Name)

Examples: 

• (Rich)

• (Amin and Filice)

Format:

Name of Group/Organization. "Title of Page or Article." Website Name, Publisher or Sponsoring Organization if different from website name, Date of publication or last modified date, Hyperlinked URL. Accessed Day Month Year viewed (optional, add if there is no upload/publication date).

Example:

IBM Cloud Education. "Types of Artificial Intelligence: Weak AI vs. Strong AI." IBM, 3 June 2020, www.ibm.com/cloud/learn/what-is-artificial-intelligence#toc-types-of-a-q56lfpGa.

In-Text Citation

Format: 

• (Group Name)
• ("Webpage/Article Title")

Examples: 

• (IBM Cloud Education)

• ("Our History")

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name if given. "Title of Encyclopedia Entry." Title of Encyclopedia, edited by First Name Last Name if given, Sponsoring Organization if given, Year of Publication, Hyperlinked URL. Accessed Day Month Year viewed (optional, add if there is no upload/publication date).

Example:

Gwiazda, Emily. "Hide Hyodo Shimizu." The Canadian Encyclopedia, Historica Canada, 15 Mar. 2019, www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/hide-hyodo-shimizu.

Wikipedia

"The Lark Ascending (Vaughan Williams)." Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 18 May 2021, 22:53 (UTC), en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lark_Ascending_(Vaughan_Williams).

In-Text Citation

Format: 

• (Last Name)
• ("Title of Encyclopedia Entry") if no author

Examples:

• (Gwiazda)

• ("The Lark Ascending")

Format:

"Title of Slides." Course Code: Name of Course, taught by Instructor's First Name Last Name. Learning Management System (e.g., Blackboard, D2L, Canvas), Day Month Year Posted.

Example:

"Week 5: Rome and Rise of Empire." HUM100: The Development of Western Thought, taught by Sam James. Learn@Seneca, 31 Mar. 2021.

In-Text Citation

Format: 

("Title of Slides" slide number)

Examples: 

• ("Week 5" slide 2)

• ("Design Principles" slide 7)

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name or Group Name. "Title of Reading." Course pack for Course Code: Course Name, compiled by Instructor's First Name Last Name, semester, Institution Name.

Example:

Poe, Edgar Allan. "The Tell-Tale Heart." Course pack for FIC200: The Short Story, compiled by Mary Smith, fall 2020, Seneca College.

In-Text Citation

Format: 

(Last Name or Group Name)

Example: 

• (Poe)

Format:

“Title of Handout.” Course Code: Name of Course, taught by Instructor’s First Name Last Name, Institution Name, Day Month Year Received. Class Handout.

Example

"Career Resources at the Library." LIT 150: Introducing Libraries, taught by Adele Georgievski. Seneca College, 8 Aug. 2022. Class Handout.

In-Text Citation

Format: 

("Title of Handout")

Example: 

• ("Career Resources")

Format:

"Title of Video." Website Name, uploaded by Name of Uploader, Day Month Year Uploaded, Hyperlinked URL.

Example:

"Accent Expert Gives a Tour of North American Accents - (Part 3)." YouTube, uploaded by Wired, 25 Mar. 2021, youtu.be/Sw7pL7OkKEE.

In-Text Citation

Format: 

("Title of Video")

Examples: 

• ("Accent Expert")

• ("Daniil Trifonov")

Format:

Films

Title of Video. Production Studio, Year. App Name app.

TV Shows

"Episode Title." Directed by First Name Last Name of Director. Title of Series, season number, episode number, Network, Day Month Year of Broadcast if given. App Name app.

Examples:

Films

Pan's Labyrinth. Warner Brothers, 2006. Netflix app.

Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri. Fox Searchlight, 2017. Crave app.

TV Shows

"The Hope That Kills You." Directed by MJ Delaney. Ted Lasso, season 2, episode 10, Apple TV+, 2 Oct. 2020. Apple TV app.

In-Text Citation

Format:

Film—(Title of Video)

TV Show—("Title of Episode")

Example:

• (Pan's Labrynth)

• (Three Billboards)

• ("The Hope")

Format:

Presenter's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Video." Website Name, uploaded by Name of Uploader, Day Month Year Uploaded, Hyperlinked URL. Accessed Day Month Year viewed (optional, add if there is no upload/publication date).

Example:

Sarago, Sasha Kutabah. "The (De) Colonizing of Beauty." TED, Nov. 2020, www.ted.com/talks/sasha_sarago_the_de_colonizing_of_beauty.

In-Text Citation

Format:

(Last Name of Presenter)

Example:

• (Sarago)

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper [City of Publication if not stated in newspaper title], Day Month Year of Publication, Hyperlinked URL.

Examples:

One Author

Deschamps, Tara. "Companies Offer Vaccinated Customers Freebies and Discounts in Marketing Push." Toronto Star, 9 May 2021, www.thestar.com/business/2021/05/09/companies-offer-vaccinated-customers-freebies-and-discounts-in-marketing-push.html.

Two Authors

Hayley, Austin, and Jack Ewing. "The Tailor, the Florist, the Violin Maker: Improvising to Survive." The New York Times, 10 May 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/07/business/coronavirus-hamburg-germany-small-businesses.html.

Three or more Authors

Bhattacharya, Jhumpa, et al. "Open Forum: Having Kids is Becoming a White Privilege in California." San Francisco Chronicle, 10 May 2021, https://www.sfchronicle.com/opinion/article/Open-Forum-Having-kids-is-becoming-a-white-16162934.php.

In-Text Citation

Format: 

(Author's Last Name)

Example: 

• (Deschamps)

• (Hayley and Ewing)

• (Bhattacharya et al.)

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article." Title of Magazine, vol. Volume Number if given, no. Issue Number if given, Day Month Year of Publication, Hyperlinked URL.

Example:

Waite, Kevin. “The Bloody History of Anti-Asian Violence in the West” National Geographic, 10 May 2021, www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/the-bloody-history-of-anti-asian-violence-in-the-west.

In-Text Citation

Format: 

(Author's Last Name) OR if no author ("Title of Article")

Examples: 

• (Waite)

• (Seif and Winston)

• (Smith et al.)

• ("The Digital Currencies")

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article". Title of Newspaper or Magazine, Day Month Year of Publication, pp. Page Numbers if given.

Examples:

Kay, Barbara. “'Problematic' Prose; in the Progressive Era, Even Literary Critics Aren't Safe.” National Post [Toronto], 27 Mar. 2021, p. A18.

Mull, Amanda. “Generation Work-From-Home May Never Recover” The Atlantic, Oct. 2020, pp. 30-2.

In-Text Citation

Format: 

(Author's Last Name Page Number)

Example: 

• (Kay)

• (Mull 30)

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of Article". Title of Newspaper or Magazine, Day Month Year of Publication, pp. Page Numbers if given. Database Name.

Examples:

Lee, Justina. “Crypto Pros are Getting Tired of $79-Billion Dogecoin Joke; Unlike Bitcoin, Supply Isn't Finite.” National Post [Toronto], 8 May 2021, p. FP16. Canadian Major Dailies.

Kotkin, Joel, and Marshall Toplansky. "A New Age of Reconnaissance: Entrepreneurs are Leading the Way to Space." National Review, vol. 73, no. 5, 22 Mar. 2021, p. 28+. ABI/INFORM.

In-Text Citation

Format: 

(Author's Last Name Page Number if given) OR if there's no author ("Title of Article" Page Number if given)

Example:

• (Lee)

• (Kotkin 28)

• ("The Zoom")

Format:

Last Name, First Name—if available [Hyperlinked @username]. "Text of Post." Website/App Name, Day Month Year of Post, Hyperlinked URL.

Examples:

Lee, Min Jin [@minjinlee11]. "I will never be ashamed of being hated for my race. This shame belongs to the racist. It is not my shame." X, 17 Mar. 2021, twitter.com/minjinlee11/status/1372038596463624192.

Hubble. "#MayThe4thBeWithYou! Hubble captured this view of a celestial 'lightsaber' that’s called HH 24..." X, 4 May 2021, twitter.com/NASAHubble/status/1389581790868905991.

In-Text Citation

Format:

(Author's Last Name or Account Name)

Examples:

• (Hubble)

• (Lee)

Format:

Video:

Author’s Last Name, First Name or Account Name. [Hyperlinked @username]. "Text of TikTok." TikTok, Day Month Year Posted, Hyperlinked URL.

Profile:

Author’s Last Name, First Name or Account Name. [Hyperlinked @username]. "Posts." TikTok, Year Retrieved, Hyperlinked URL.

Examples:

Video:

Saturday Night Live [@nbcsnl]. "Ok but for real what is an NFT." TikTok, 29 Mar. 2021, https://www.tiktok.com/@nbcsnl/video/6945222679502785797.

Profile:

Keys, Alicia. “Posts.” TikTok, 2020,www.tiktok.com/@aliciakeys?lang=en.

In-Text Citation

Format:

(Author's Last Name or Account Name)

Examples:

• (Saturday Night Live)

• (Keys)

Format:

Post/ Story:

Author’s Last Name, First Name or Account Name. [Hyperlinked @username]. Description of post. Instagram, Day Month Year Posted, Hyperlinked URL.

Profile:

Author’s Last Name, First Name or Account Name. [Hyperlinked @username]. "Posts." Instagram, Year Retrieved, Hyperlinked URL.

Highlight:

Author’s Last Name, First Name or Account Name. [Hyperlinked @username]. "Title of Highlight." Instagram, Year Posted, Hyperlinked URL.

Examples:

Post:

Kaur, Rupi. Video of Rupi Kaur poem reading. Instagram, 30 Apr. 2021, www.instagram.com/p/COTCyVaADQe/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link..

Profile:

Gay, Roxane. “Posts.” Instagram, 2020,www.instagram.com/roxanegay74/.

Highlight:

Guggenheim Museum. "People." Instagram, 2020, www.instagram.com/stories/highlights/17850044881917911/.

In-Text Citation

Format:

(Author's Last Name or Account Name)

Examples:

• (Kaur)

• (Gay)

• (Guggenheim Museum)

Format:

Post:

Author’s Last Name, First Name or Account Name. "Text of post or Title of Video". App Name, Day Month Year Posted, Hyperlinked URL.

Profile/ Group:

Author’s Last Name, First Name or Account Name. "Information Referenced." App Name, Year Retrieved, Hyperlinked URL.

Thread:

Author’s Last Name, First Name or Account Name, et al. "Original Post Title" in the Name of Group group. App Name, Day Month Year Posted, Hyperlinked URL.

Comment:

Author’s Last Name, First Name or Account Name. Comment on First Name Last Name of original poster "Original Post Title" in the Name of Group group. App Name, Day Month Year Posted, Hyperlinked URL.

Examples:

Post:

Cho, Seong-Jin. "The Unknown Mozart: World Premiere by Seong-Jin Cho." Facebook, 27 Jan. 2021, https://www.facebook.com/100044536921960/videos/828765901006444..

Profile:

World Wildlife Fund. "Photos." Facebook, 2020, www.facebook.com/worldwildlifefund/photos/.

Thread:

Matejka, Monique, et al. “Going to a friend’s for dinner tonight . . . ” post in the Cheap Meal Ideas group. Facebook, 21 June 2022, www.facebook.com/groups/cheapmealideas/posts/5585793521479770?comment_id=5585828271476295.

Comment:

Stanford, Mialey Desirae. Comment on Monique Matejka’s “Going to a friend’s for dinner tonight . . . ” post in the Cheap Meal Ideas group. Facebook, 21 June 2022, 1:40 p.m., www.facebook.com/groups/cheapmealideas/posts/5585793521479770?comment_id=5585828271476295.

In-Text Citation

Format:

(Author's Last Name or Account Name)

Examples:

• (Cho)

• (World Wildlife Fund)

• (Matejka et al.)

• (Stanford)

Format:

Post:

U/Username. "Title of Post." Name of Forum, Day Month Year Posted, Hyperlinked URL.

Comment:

U/Username. Comment on U/OriginalUsername's "Title of Original Post" post. Name of Forum, Year Retrieved, Hyperlinked URL.

Examples:

Post:

U/HiinXCVIII. "Fantastic view from google earth." Reddit, 24 Sep, 2018, https://reddit.com/r/funny/comments/9ihsdp/fantastic_view_from_google_earth/.

Comment:

U/djh_van. Comment on U/informatica6's "[OC] Google Year in Search 2020 Top Search Terms" post. Reddit, 15 Dec. 2020,https://www.reddit.com/r/dataisbeautiful/comments/kdhjpn/oc_google_year_in_search_2020_top_search_terms/.

In-Text Citation

Format:

(Username or Author's Last Name)

Examples:

• (U/HiinXCVIII)

• (U/djh_van)

• (CBC)

Format:

"Text of prompt" prompt. Name of AI Tool, version number if known, Name of company that made the tool, Day Month Year content was generated, Hyperlinked URL of Tool.

Example:

"What is generative AI? Explain it like I'm 5" prompt. ChatGPT, Mar 14 version, OpenAI, 21 Mar. 2023, chat.openai.com/chat.

In-Text Citation

Format:

("Shortened text of prompt")

Example:

• ("What is generative AI?")

Format:

"Text of prompt" prompt. Name of AI Tool, version number if known, Name of company that made the tool, Day Month Year content was generated, Hyperlinked URL of Tool.

Example:

"Two puppies playing by the sea in the style of Renoir" prompt. DALL-E, version 2, OpenAI, 21 Mar. 2023, labs.openai.com/.

Reproducing the image in your work

If you are inserting the AI-generated image in your coursework, follow the format below. Remember to include the full citation in your Works Cited List if you are also referring to the image in your text.

Example:

Fig 3: "Two puppies playing by the sea in the style of Renoir" prompt, DALL-E, version 2, OpenAI, 21 Mar. 2023,https://labs.openai.com- opens in a new window.

Format:

Last name, First Name, Nation/Community. Treaty Territory if applicable. Where they live if applicable. Topic/subject of communication if applicable. Interview. Day Month Year.

Example:

Cardinal, D., Goodfish Lake Cree Nation. Treaty 6. Lives in Edmonton. Oral teaching. Interview. 4 Apr. 2004.

In-Text Citation

Format:

(Last Name of Elder/ Knowledge Keeper)

Example:

• (Cardinal)