Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if any., and any additional authors. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page numbers. Hyperlinked DOI

Example

Harwood, N., & Petric, B. (2011). Performance in the citing behavior of two student writers. Written Communication, 29(1), 55-103. https://doi.org/10.1177/0741088311424133

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (First author’s last name & Second Author’s last name, date of publication, p. page number) 

• Example: (Harwood & Petric, 2011, p. 57) 

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (First author’s last name & Second Author’s last name, date of publication) 

• Example: (Harwood & Petric, 2011) 

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if any., and any additional authors. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page numbers.

Example

Cox, E. O., Green, K. E., Hobart, K., Jang, L. J., & Seo, H. (2007). Strengthening the late-life care process: Effects of two forms of a care-receiver efficacy intervention. The Gerontologist, 47(3), 388-397.

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (First author’s last name et al., date of publication, p. page number)

• Example: (Cox et al., 2007, p. 20)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (First author’s last name et al., date of publication)

• Example: (Cox et al., 2007)

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if any., and any additional authors. (Year). Title of article. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page numbers. Hyperlinked URL

Example

Blattberg, C. (2008). The scales of injustice. The Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice, 26(1). https://wyaj.uwindsor.ca/index.php/wyaj/article/view/4536

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication, p. page number)

• Example: (Blattberg, 2008, p. 20)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication)

• Example: (Blattberg, 2008)

Format:

First Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given, Second Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Third Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., etc. & Last Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial.  (Year). Title of article: Subtitle if given. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page numbers. Hyperlinked DOI or URL (if applicable).

Example

Rabelo‐Silva, E. R., Dantas Cavalcanti, A. C., Ramos Goulart Caldas, M. C., Lucena, A. D. F., Almeida, M. D. A., Linch, G. F. D. C., Barragan da Silva, M. & Müller‐Staub, M. (2017). Advanced nursing process quality: Comparing the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) with the NANDA‐International (NANDA‐I) and Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC). Journal of Clinical Nursing, 26(3-4), 379-387. https://doi-org./10.1111/jocn.13387

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (First author’s last name et al., date of publication, p. page number) 

• Example: (Rabelo-Silva et al., 2017, p. 382)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (First author’s last name et al., date of publication)

• Example: (Rabelo-Silva et al., 2017)

Format:

First Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given, Second Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Third Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Fourth Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Fifth Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Sixth Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Seventh Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Eighth Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Ninth Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Tenth Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Eleventh Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Twelfth Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Thirteenth Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Fourteenth Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Fifteenth Author’s Last Name, First Initial., Second Initial. Sixteenth Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Seventeenth Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Eighteenth Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., Nineteenth Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial., . . . Last Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle if given. Title of Journal, volume number(issue number), page numbers. Hyperlinked DOI or URL (if applicable)

Example

Pegion, K., Kirtman, B. P., Becker, E., Collins, D. C., LaJoie, E., Burgman, R., Bell, R., DelSole, R., Min, D., Zhu, Y., Li, W., Sinsky, E., Guan, H., Gottschalck, J., Metzger, E. J., Barton, N. P., Achuthavarier, D., Marshak, J., Koster, R., . . . Kim, H. (2019). The subseasonal experiment (SubX): A multimodel subseasonal prediction experiment. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 100(10), 2043-2061.

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (First author’s last name et al., date of publication, p. page number)

• Example: (Pegion et al., 2019, p. 2047)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (First author’s last name et al., date of publication)

• Example: (Pegion et al., 2019)

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given., and any additional authors. (Year, Month Day). Title of document. Website Name. Hyperlinked URL

Example

Geist, M. (2019, May 22). The foundation of Canada’s digital charter: Privacy law reform focused on a data-driven economy. Michael Geist. http://www.michaelgeist.ca/2019/05/the-foundation-of-canadas-digital-charter-privacy-law-reform-focused-on-a-data-driven-economy/

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication, para. paragraph number)
• Example: (Geist, 2019, para. 3)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication)
• Example: (Geist, 2019)

Format:

Group or Corporate Name. (Year). Title of document. Website name (include if different from author). Hyperlinked URL

Example

Automotive Industries Association of Canada. (n.d.). Be car care aware. https://www.aiacanada.com/what-we-do/our-programs/bcca.html

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Author, date of publication, para. paragraph number)
• Example: (Automotive Industries Association of Canada, n.d., para. 4)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (Author, date of publication)
• Example: (Automotive Industries Association of Canada, n.d.)

Format:

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given., and any additional authors. (n.d.). Title of entry. In Name of encyclopedia. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Hyperlinked URL

Example

Koch, E. (n.d.). Adrienne Clarkson. In The Canadian encyclopedia. Retrieved August 10, 2020, from https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/adrienne-louise-clarkson

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication, para. paragraph number)
• Example: (Koch, n.d., para. 5)

For a paraphrase:

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication) 
• Example: (Koch, n.d.)

Format:

Group or Corporate Name. (Year). Title of document. Website name (include if different from author). Hyperlinked URL

Example

Canadian Cancer Society. (2015). Advanced cancer. https://cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/resources/publications/advanced-cancer

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Author, date of publication, para. paragraph number)
• Example: (Canadian Cancer Society, 2015, para. 4)

For a paraphrase:

• Format: (Author, date of publication)
• Example: (Canadian Cancer Society, 2015)

Format:

Title of entry. (Date of access). In Wikipedia. Hyperlinked URL

Example

Gestalt psychology. (2020, August 8). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gestalt_psychology&oldid=971777041

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (“Title of entry,” date of publication, para. paragraph number)
• Example: (“Gestalt psychology,” 2020, para. 4)

For a paraphrase:

• Format: (“Title of entry,” date of publication)
• Example: (“Gestalt psychology,” 2020)

Format:

Title of document. (n.d.). Website Name. Hyperlinked URL

Example

The basics of physics. (n.d.). Lumen Learning. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-physics/chapter/the-basics-of-physics/

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format:  (“Title of document,” n.d., para. paragraph number)
• Example: (“What is physics?,” n.d., para. 4)

For a paraphrase:

• Format: (“Title of document,” n.d.)
• Example:  (“What is physics?,” n.d.)

Format:

Instructor's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year, Month Day). Title of presentation [PowerPoint slides]. Publisher. Login page for publisher.

Example

Smith, J. (2017, Month Day). Cite your sources using APA style [PowerPoint slides]. eCentennial. https://e.centennialcollege.ca/

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Instructor’s last name, date, slide number)
• Example: (Smith, 2017, slide 12)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (Instructor’s last name, date)
• Example: (Smith, 2017)

Format:

Author of Article/Chapter's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year of course pack's publication). Title of chapter or article in course pack. In First Initial. Last Name of Course Instructor who created course pack if given (Ed.), Title of course pack (page numbers). Name of College. (Original work published date)

Example

Bigelow, B., & Peterson, B. (2016). Rethinking globalization: Teaching for justice in an unjust world. In J. Fraser (Ed.), Exploring our global village: Readings CULT 14857G (pp. 33-37). Sheridan College. (Original work published 2002)

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (First author’s last name & Second Author’s last name, date of publication, p. page number)
• Example: (Bigelow, & Peterson, 2016, p. 35)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (First author’s last name & Second Author’s last name, date of publication) 
• Example: (Bigelow, & Peterson, 2016) 

Format:

Instructor's Last Name, First Initial. (Year handout was created if given or n.d.). Title of handout [Class handout]. School, Faculty or Department Name, College Name.

Example

Marlow, F. (2017). Effective Google searching [Class handout]. Faculty of Business, Humber College.

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format:  (Instructor’s last name, date of publication, p. page number)
• Example: (Marlow, 2017, p. 3)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (Instructor’s last name, date of publication)
• Example: (Marlow, 2017)

Format:

(Instructor initials, Instructor lastname, personal communication, Month Day, Year).

Example

(B. Bassidj, personal communication, September 22, 2016).

Format:

(First initial, Last name, Name of Indigenous Nation, lives in City, State/Province, personal communication, Month Day, Year).

Example

(T. Teegee, Takla Lake First Nation, lives in Prince George, British Columbia, personal communication, August 10, 2020).

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. [Username]. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video]. Name of streaming site. Hyperlinked URL

Example

The Learning Portal/Le Portail d’Apprentissage. (2017, January 24). Types of paragraphs in an academic essay [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/TforwSE7ow0

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Last Name or User Name of person or group who uploaded the video, Year, Timestamp for beginning of quote)
• Example: (The Learning Portal/Le Portail d’Apprentissage, 2017, 0:29)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (Last Name or User Name of person or group who uploaded the video, Year)
• Example: (The Learning Portal/Le Portail d’Apprentissage, 2017)

Format:

Director's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Director). (Year). Title of film [Film]. Production Company.

Example

Huston, J. (Director). (1941). The Maltese falcon [Film]. Warner Home Video.

In-Text Citation

For a quotation:

• Format: (Director's Last Name, Year, Timestamp for beginning of quote)
• Example: (Slade, 2010, 45:29)

For a paraphrase:

• Format: (Director's Last Name, Year, Timestamp for beginning of quote)
• Example: (Slade, 2010)

Follow this example if your article is from a news site with an associated newspaper.

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper. Hyperlinked URL

Example

Guy, M. (2021, November 3). Snow problem: The best winter tire choices for 2021.The Toronto Star. https://www.thestar.com/autos/advice/2021/11/02/snow-problem-the-best-winter-tire-choices-for-2021.html

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication, p. page number or para. paragraph number)
• Example: (Van Bastelaer, 2017, para. 10)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication) 
• Example: (Van Bastelaer, 2017)

Follow this example if your article is from an online news source with no associated newspaper.

Format:

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year, Month Day). Title of news article. Title of Site. Hyperlinked URL

Example

Mark, C. (2020, April 2). Tips on avoiding back pain and injury while working from home. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/life/wellness/tips-for-avoiding-back-pain-and-injury-while-working-from-home-1.5519774

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication, para. paragraph number)
• Example: (Mark, 2020, para. 10)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication)
• Example: (Mark, 2020)

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Magazine. Hyperlinked URL

Example

Nguyen, M. (2020, July 27). Smart financial decisions small business owners should make now. Canadian Business. https://www.canadianbusiness.com/small-business/small-business-financial-decisions-to-make-now/

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication, para. paragraph number)
• Example: (Nguyen, 2020, para. 5)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication)
• Example: (Nguyen, 2020) 

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper or Magazine, page number.

Example

Ahsan, S. (2016, June 22). All access: Toronto's tangled art gallery is bringing so-called outsiders in. The National Post, B8.

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication, p. page number)
• Example: (Ahsan, 2016, p. B8)

For a paraphrase: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication) 
• Example: (Ahsan, 2016)

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year, Month Day). Title of article. Title of Newspaper or Magazine.

Example

VanRaes, S. (2020, August 12). Winnipeg is Canada’s “kindness rock” capital. Macleans.

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: Author’s last name, date of publication, p. page number)
• Example: (VanRaes, 2020, p. 12)

For a paraphrase:

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication)
• Example: (VanRaes, 2020)

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year, Month Day). Title of blog post. Name of Blog. Hyperlinked URL

Example

McAdoo, T. (2015, April 15). Re: Using italics for technical (or key) terms. APA Style Blog. http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2015/04/using-italics-for-technical-or-key-terms.html

In-Text Citation

For a quotation: 

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication, para. paragraph number)
• Example: (McAdoo, 2015, para. 5)

For a paraphrase:

• Format: (Author’s last name, date of publication)
• Example: (McAdoo, 2015)

Format:

Author's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given or Full Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month Day). Text of the tweet up to first 20 words [Tweet]. Twitter. Hyperlinked URL

Example:

NASA [@NASA]. (2020, July 21). Have you ever seen something so beautiful? [globe of Americas] [pleading face] Live views from earth from space during today’s spacewalk [Video attached] [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/NASA/status/1285573798301962241

In-Text Citation

For a quotation or paraphrase:

• Format: (Author’s last name or group name, date of publication)
• Example: (NASA, 2020)

Format:

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given or Full Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month Day). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Hyperlinked URL

Example:

National Geographic [@NatGeo]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Twitter. Retrieved August 5, 2020 from https://twitter.com/NatGeo

In-Text Citation

For a quotation or paraphrase:

• Format: (Author’s last name or group name, n.d.) 
• Example: (National Geographic, n.d.)

Format:

Author’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if Given or Name of Group. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Type of post]. Facebook. Hyperlinked URL

Example:

Outside Magazine. (2020, August 13). In a normal summer, thousands of AT thru-hikers need to eat over 4,000 calories a day to offset their trail [Article attached]. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/outsidemagazine/posts/10158538463710429

In-Text Citation

For a quotation or paraphrase:

• Format: (Author’s last name or group name, date of publication)
• Example: (Outside Magazine, 2020)

Format:

Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Hyperlinked URL

Example:

Confederation College. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved May 5, 2020 from https://www.facebook.com/confederation

In-Text Citation

For a quotation or paraphrase:

• Format: (Author’s last name or group name, n.d.)
• Example: (Confederation College, n.d.)

Format:

Lastname, F. M. or Name of Group [@username]. (Year, Month Date). Content of the post up to the first 20 words [Type of post]. Instagram. Hyperlinked URL

Example:

Julie Payette [@ggjuliepayette]. (2020, August 12). Culture, history, breathtaking beauty. Today we celebrate the day that #Nunavut officially became a recognized territory within Canada. Happy #NunavutDay! [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CCbIbqYAE2s

In-Text Citation

For a quotation or paraphrase:

• Format: (Author’s last name or group name, date of publication)
• Example: (Payette, 2020)

Format:

Podcast Host Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if available. (Host). (Year, Month Day). Title of episode: Subtitle (No. If provided) [Audio podcast episode]. In Name of podcast. Publisher. Hyperlinked URL

Example:

Gilbert, E. (Host). (2015, July 13). Do what ignites your soul [Audio podcast episode]. In Magic lessons. Riverhead Books. https://www.stitcher.com/show/riverhead-books-podcast/episode/magic-lessons-ep-1-do-what-ignites-your-soul-43306670

In-Text Citation

For a quotation or paraphrase:

• Format: (Host’s last name, date of publication)
• Example: (Gilbert, 2015)

Format:

Photographer’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year). Title of photograph[Photograph]. Publisher. Hyperlinked URL

Example:

Herber, S. (2013). Ice fishing hut 23 [Photograph]. Flickr. https://www.flickr.com/photos/sandraherber/49922430776/

In-Text Citation

For a quotation or paraphrase:

• Format: (Photographer’s last name, date of publication)
• Example: (Herber, 2013)

Format:

[Description of photograph] [Photograph]. (Year). Publisher. Hyperlinked URL

Example:

[Children running down a path] [Photograph]. (n.d.). Pikist. https://www.pikist.com/free-photo-vtffe

In-Text Citation

For a quotation or paraphrase:

• Format: ([Description of photograph], n.d.)
• Example: ([Children running down a path], n.d.)

Format:

Artist’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given. (Year). Title of work [Format of work]. Museum Name, Museum Location. Hyperlinked URL if available

Example:

Johnson, S.A. (2003). Nadine [Photograph]. National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada. https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artwork/nadine

In-Text Citation

For a quotation or paraphrase:

• Format: (Artist’s last name, date)
• Example: (Johnson, 2003)

Format:

Artist’s Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial if given or username. (Year). Title of work [Clip art/Stock image]. Publisher. Hyperlinked URL

Example:

GDJ. (2018). Concept plane silhouette [Clip art]. Openclipart. https://openclipart.org/detail/312645/concept-plane-silhouette

In-Text Citation

For a quotation or paraphrase:

• Format: (Artist’s last name, date of publication)
• Example: (GDJ, 2018)